Mariana Fernandes

A mere week after the 29th Conference of the Parties wrapped up in Baku, with results overall deemed unsatisfactory by the Global South, climate discussions were taken to a different stage: the Peace Palace, in the Hague, where the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) held public hearings concerning the obligations of states to protect the … Continued

Introduction The increasing production of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere has been linked to improper waste management and high energy consumption from non-sustainable resources[1]. The urgent need to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and a greater consciousness of the importance of a circular economy has brought the concept of waste-to-energy to the forefront. … Continued

Cindy Baptista

Introduction Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) case involves a dispute in which Costa Rica applied for the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in order to solve it. This case concerns issues of sovereignty over a disputed territory along the San Juan River and allegations of environmental damage … Continued

Ana Carmo

1.     Introduction In 2021, the discussion around energy was even more relevant due to the global energy crisis, caused by the covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In these circumstances, social discounts are incredibly important to fulfill the European Union’s goal of universal access to energy. The judgment discusses the issue of non-discrimination of … Continued