Ana Carmo

1.     Introduction In 2021, the discussion around energy was even more relevant due to the global energy crisis, caused by the covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In these circumstances, social discounts are incredibly important to fulfill the European Union’s goal of universal access to energy. The judgment discusses the issue of non-discrimination of … Continued

Melis Yuksel

Sofia Solayman

Abstract: Arbitration as an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism has been utilized for a long time. Achmea ruling has constituted a turning point in EU investment arbitration as the Court of Justice of the EU ruled on the invalidity of the investor-state dispute settlement mechanism in intra-EU bilateral investment treaties. The judgment has affected not only … Continued

Jessica Lopes

Introduction State aid is an important regulatory instrument within the energy sector, guaranteeing its effective operation and long-term sustainability. The intervention in areas where market mechanisms alone are not enough, such as phasing out coal, and services of general common interest; state aid aligns the energy sector with broader European Union policy goals, promoting stability … Continued

André Moradas

Introduction Regulation nº 1227/2011 (EU), better known as the Regulation on Wholesale Energy Markets Integrity and Transparency (REMIT), aims to prevent market abusive behavior in the electricity and gas market. This regulation comes as part of the effort to create an European internal market in the energy sector, which in turn requires a framework to … Continued